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Animals That Have a Pouch for Young Like Kangaoo

Animals That Have a Pouch for Young Like Kangaoo

This article is nigh the mammals. For frogs, run into Marsupial frog.

Infraclass of mammals in the clade Metatheria

Marsupials

Temporal range: Paleocene–Recent

Possible Belatedly Cretaceous records
Marsupialia.jpg
Clockwise from left: eastern greyness kangaroo, Virginia opossum, long-nosed bandicoot, Monito del monte and Tasmanian devil representing the orders Diprotodontia, Didelphimorphia, Peramelemorphia, Microbiotheria and Dasyuromorphia respectively
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Course: Mammalia
Clade: Marsupialiformes
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Illiger, 1811
Orders
Marsupial biogeography present day - dymaxion map.png
Nowadays-day distribution of marsupials (blue; excludes introduced presence in New Zealand)

Marsupials are whatsoever members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia, Wallacea and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to near of these species is that the immature are carried in a pouch. Marsupials include opossums, Tasmanian devils, kangaroos, koalas, wombats, wallabies, bandicoots, and the extinct thylacine.

Marsupials represent the clade originating from the concluding common ancestor of extant metatherians, the group containing all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. They give birth to relatively undeveloped immature that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers' abdomen for a sure amount of time. Close to lxx% of the 334 extant species occur on the Australian continent (the mainland, Tasmania, New Guinea and nearby islands). The remaining 30% are found in the Americas—primarily in South America, 13 in Central America, and 1 species, the Virginia opossum, in N America, northward of Mexico.

The word marsupial comes from marsupium , the technical term for the abdominal pouch. It, in turn, is borrowed from Latin and ultimately from the ancient Greek μάρσιππος mársippos , significant "pouch".

Taxonomy [ edit ]

Marsupials are taxonomically identified as members of mammalian infraclass Marsupialia, first described every bit a family under the order Pollicata past German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in his 1811 work Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium. However, James Rennie, author of The Natural History of Monkeys, Opossums and Lemurs (1838), pointed out that the placement of v dissimilar groups of mammals – monkeys, lemurs, tarsiers, aye-ayes and marsupials (with the exception of kangaroos, that were placed under the order Salientia) – nether a single order (Pollicata) did not appear to have a strong justification. In 1816, French zoologist George Cuvier classified all marsupials under the order Marsupialia. [1] [2] In 1997, researcher J. A. Westward. Kirsch and others accorded infraclass rank to Marsupialia. [two] There are two chief divisions: American marsupials (Ameridelphia) and Australian marsupials (Australidelphia) of which one, the monito del monte, is really native to Due south America. [3]

Nomenclature [ edit ]

Marsupialia is further divided as follows: [3]

† – Extinct

Phylogenetic relationships [ edit ]

Comprising over 300 extant species, several attempts have been fabricated to accurately interpret the phylogenetic relationships among the different marsupial orders. Studies differ on whether Didelphimorphia or Paucituberculata is the sister group to all other marsupials. [4] Though the gild Microbiotheria (which has only ane species, the monito del monte) is establish in South America, morphological similarities propose it is closely related to Australian marsupials. [five] Molecular analyses in 2010 and 2011 identified Microbiotheria as the sis group to all Australian marsupials. Withal, the relations among the four Australidelphid orders are not as well understood. The cladogram beneath, depicting the relationships among the diverse marsupial orders, is based on a 2015 phylogenetic study. [iv]

Marsupialia New World marsupials

Australasian marsupials

Deoxyribonucleic acid testify supports a South American origin for marsupials, with Australian marsupials arising from a single Gondwanan migration of marsupials from South America, across Antarctica, to Australia. [6] [vii] There are many small arboreal species in each group. The term "opossum" is used to refer to American species (though "possum" is a mutual abbreviation), while similar Australian species are properly called "possums".

Anatomy [ edit ]

Koala
(Phascolarctos cinereus)

Marsupials take the typical characteristics of mammals—e.g., mammary glands, three centre ear bones, and true hair. There are, however, hit differences as well every bit a number of anatomical features that dissever them from Eutherians.

In improver to the front end pouch, which contains multiple teats for the sustenance of their young, marsupials have other common structural features. Ossified patellae are absent in most modern marsupials (though a minor number of exceptions are reported) [8] and epipubic basic are present. Marsupials (and monotremes) also lack a gross communication (corpus callosum) between the right and left encephalon hemispheres. [ix]

Skull and teeth [ edit ]

The skull has peculiarities in comparison to placental mammals. In general, the skull is relatively small and tight. Holes (foramen lacrimale) are located in the forepart of the orbit. The cheekbone is enlarged and extends farther to the rear. The angular extension (processus angularis) of the lower jaw is bent toward the center. Another feature is the difficult palate which, in dissimilarity to the placental mammals' foramina, always have more openings. The teeth differ from that of placental mammals, so that all taxa except wombats accept a unlike number of incisors in the upper and lower jaws. The early marsupials had a dental formula from 5.one.3.4 4.1.iii.4 , that is, per quadrant; they take five (maxillary) or four (mandibular) incisors, one canine, three premolars and four molars, for a full of 50 teeth. Some taxa, such as the opossum, take the original number of teeth. In other groups the number of teeth is reduced. The dental formula for Macropodidae (kangaroos and wallabies etc.) is 3/ane – (0 or 1)/0 – 2/two – 4/4. Marsupials in many cases have xl to 50 teeth, significantly more than than placental mammals. The 2d set of teeth grows in merely at the 3rd premolar site and dorsum; all teeth more anterior to that erupt initially as permanent teeth.

Torso [ edit ]

Few general characteristics describe their skeleton. In addition to unique details in the structure of the ankle, epipubic bones (ossa epubica) are observed projecting forward from the pubic os of the pelvis. Since these are nowadays in males and pouchless species, information technology is believed that they originally had aught to practise with reproduction, merely served in the muscular approach to the movement of the hind limbs. This could be explained by an original characteristic of mammals, as these epipubic bones are besides found in monotremes. Marsupial reproductive organs differ from the placental mammals. For them, the reproductive tract is doubled. The females have two uteri and ii vaginas, and before birth, a birth canal forms between them, the median vagina. [nine] The males take a dissever or double penis lying in forepart of the scrotum. [10]

A pouch is present in most, but not all, species. Many marsupials take a permanent purse, whereas in others the pouch develops during gestation, as with the shrew opossum, where the young are hidden only by skin folds or in the fur of the female parent. The organisation of the pouch is variable to let the offspring to receive maximum protection. Locomotive kangaroos accept a pouch opening at the front, while many others that walk or climb on all fours take the opening in the back. Normally, but females have a pouch, but the male water opossum has a pouch that is used to accommodate his genitalia while swimming or running.

General and convergences [ edit ]

Marsupials have adapted to many habitats, reflected in the broad variety in their build. The largest living marsupial, the red kangaroo, grows up to i.8 metres (5 ft eleven in) in meridian and 90 kilograms (200 lb) in weight, just extinct genera, such every bit Diprotodon , were significantly larger and heavier. The smallest members of this group are the marsupial mice, which often reach only 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in torso length.

Some species resemble placental mammals and are examples of convergent evolution. This convergence is axiomatic in both brain evolution [11] and behaviour. [12] The extinct Thylacine strongly resembled the placental wolf, hence its nickname "Tasmanian wolf". The ability to glide evolved in both marsupials (equally with carbohydrate gliders) and some placental mammals (every bit with flying squirrels), which adult independently. Other groups such as the kangaroo, however, do not take articulate placental counterparts, though they share similarities in lifestyle and ecological niches with ruminants.

Reproductive system [ edit ]

Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals. [thirteen] [14] During embryonic evolution, a choriovitelline placenta forms in all marsupials. In bandicoots, an additional chorioallantoic placenta forms, although information technology lacks the chorionic villi found in eutherian placentas.

The evolution of reproduction in marsupials, and speculation about the ancestral land of mammalian reproduction, have engaged discussion since the end of the 19th century. Both sexes possess a cloaca, [14] which is connected to a urogenital sac used to store waste before expulsion. The bladder of marsupials functions as a site to concentrate urine and empties into the common urogenital sinus in both females and males. [14]

Male reproductive system [ edit ]

About male person marsupials, except for macropods [xv] and marsupial moles, [16] have a bifurcated penis, separated into ii columns, and then that the penis has two ends respective to the females' two vaginas. [9] [14] [17] [18] [x] [19] [20] The penis is used only during copulation, and is divide from the urinary tract. [10] [fourteen] It curves forward when erect, [21] and when not erect, information technology is retracted into the trunk in an S-shaped curve. [10] Neither marsupials nor monotremes possess a baculum. [nine] The shape of the glans penis varies among marsupial species. [10] [22] [23] [24]

The male thylacine had a pouch that acts every bit a protective sheath, covering his external reproductive organs while running through thick brush. [25]

The shape of the urethral grooves of the males' genitalia is used to distinguish betwixt Monodelphis brevicaudata , Monodelphis domestica , and Monodelphis americana . The grooves form ii separate channels that form the ventral and dorsal folds of the erectile tissue. [26] Several species of dasyurid marsupials can also exist distinguished past their penis morphology. [27] The only accessory sex glands marsupials possess are the prostate and bulbourethral glands. [28] Male person marsupials have 1-iii pairs of bulbourethral glands. [29] There are no ampullae, seminal vesicles or coagulating glands. [30] [17] The prostate is proportionally larger in marsupials than in placental mammals. [ten] During the breeding flavour, the male tammar wallaby'south prostate and bulbourethral gland overstate. Still, there does non appear to exist whatsoever seasonal difference in the weight of the testes. [31]

Female reproductive system [ edit ]

Female reproductive anatomy of several marsupial species

Female person marsupials take two lateral vaginas, which pb to separate uteri, but both open externally through the same orifice. A third canal, the median vagina, is used for birth. This canal can be transitory or permanent. [9] Some marsupial species are able to store sperm in the oviduct after mating. [32]

Marsupials requite nativity at a very early stage of evolution; after birth, newborn marsupials crawl up the bodies of their mothers and attach themselves to a teat, which is located on the underside of the mother, either inside a pouch called the marsupium, or open to the environment. Mothers often lick their fur to leave a trail of scent for the newborn to follow to increment chances of making information technology into the marsupium. There they remain for a number of weeks, attached to the teat. The offspring are eventually able to leave the marsupium for brusk periods, returning to it for warmth, protection, and nourishment.

Early on development [ edit ]

Prenatal development differs between marsupials and placental mammals. Key aspects of the first stages of placental mammal embryo development, such as the inner cell mass and the process of compaction, are not found in marsupials. [33] The cleavage stages of marsupial evolution are very variable between groups and aspects of marsupial early development are not yet fully understood.

An early nativity removes a developing marsupial from its mother'southward trunk much sooner than in placental mammals; thus marsupials have non developed a circuitous placenta to protect the embryo from its mother'south immune system. Though early birth puts the tiny newborn marsupial at a greater environmental take a chance, it significantly reduces the dangers associated with long pregnancies, as there is no need to carry a big fetus to full term in bad seasons. Marsupials are extremely altricial animals, needing to be intensely cared for immediately following birth (cf. precocial).

Because newborn marsupials must climb up to their mother's teats, their front limbs and facial structures are much more developed than the rest of their bodies at the time of birth. [34] [35] This requirement has been argued to accept resulted in the limited range of locomotor adaptations in marsupials compared to placentals. Marsupials must develop grasping forepaws during their early youth, making the evolutive transition from these limbs into hooves, wings, or flippers, equally some groups of placental mammals have washed, more difficult. However, several marsupials do possess singular forelimb morphologies, such equally the hooved forelimbs of the sus scrofa-footed bandicoot, suggesting that the range of forelimb specialization is not equally express equally assumed. [36]

An infant marsupial is known as a joey. Marsupials have a very curt gestation catamenia—ordinarily around four to five weeks, but as low as 12 days for some species—and the joey is born in an essentially fetal state. The blind, furless, miniature newborn, the size of a jelly bean, [37] [ failed verification ] crawls across its female parent'due south fur to make its way into the pouch, where it latches onto a teat for food. Information technology volition not re-sally for several months, during which time it develops fully. After this period, the joey begins to spend increasing lengths of fourth dimension out of the pouch, feeding and learning survival skills. However, it returns to the pouch to sleep, and if danger threatens, it volition seek refuge in its mother's pouch for condom.

Joeys stay in the pouch for up to a year in some species, or until the adjacent joey is built-in. A marsupial joey is unable to regulate its own torso temperature and relies upon an external heat source. Until the joey is well furred and old enough to leave the pouch, a pouch temperature of thirty–32 °C (86–xc °F) must be constantly maintained.

Joeys are born with "oral shields". In species without pouches or with rudimentary pouches these are more than developed than in forms with well-adult pouches, implying a role in maintaining the immature attached to the mother's teat. [38]

Geography [ edit ]

In Australasia, marsupials are found in Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea; throughout the Maluku Islands, Timor and Sulawesi to the west of New Republic of guinea, and in the Bismarck Archipelago (including the Admiralty Islands) and Solomon Islands to the eastward of New Guinea.

In America, marsupials are plant throughout Due south America, excluding the central/southern Andes and parts of Patagonia; and through Cardinal America and south-central Mexico, with a single species widespread in the eastern The states and forth the Pacific declension.

Interaction with Europeans [ edit ]

The first American marsupial (and marsupial in full general) that a European encountered was the common opossum. Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, commander of the Niña on Christopher Columbus' kickoff voyage in the late fifteenth century, collected a female opossum with young in her pouch off the South American coast. He presented them to the Spanish monarchs, though by then the young were lost and the female person had died. The animal was noted for its foreign pouch or "second abdomen", and how the offspring reached the pouch was a mystery. [39] [40]

On the other paw, it was the Portuguese who first described Australasian marsupials. António Galvão, a Portuguese administrator in Ternate (1536–40), wrote a detailed account of the northern common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis): [39]

Some animals resemble ferrets, only a little bigger. They are chosen Kusus. They take a long tail with which they hang from the trees in which they live continuously, winding it once or twice around a co-operative. On their belly they have a pocket like an intermediate balcony; as soon as they requite birth to a young one, they grow it inside there at a teat until it does non need nursing anymore. Equally before long as she has borne and nourished it, the mother becomes significant over again.

From the start of the 17th century more accounts of marsupials arrived. For example, a 1606 record of an fauna, killed on the southern coast of New Guinea, described it equally "in the shape of a dog, smaller than a greyhound", with a snakelike "bare scaly tail" and hanging testicles. The meat tasted similar venison, and the stomach contained ginger leaves. This description appears to closely resemble the dusky pademelon (Thylogale brunii), in which case this would be the earliest European record of a member of the kangaroo family (Macropodidae). [41] [39]

Evolutionary history [ edit ]

Dentition of the herbivorous eastern grayness kangaroo, as illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History

The relationships among the three extant divisions of mammals (monotremes, marsupials, and placentals) were long a matter of argue among taxonomists. [43] Virtually morphological testify comparing traits such as number and arrangement of teeth and structure of the reproductive and waste material elimination systems as well as most genetic and molecular evidence favors a closer evolutionary human relationship between the marsupials and placental mammals than either has with the monotremes. [44]

The ancestors of marsupials, part of a larger grouping called metatherians, probably dissever from those of placental mammals (eutherians) during the mid-Jurassic period, though no fossil evidence of metatherians themselves are known from this time. [45] From Dna and poly peptide analyses, the time of divergence of the two lineages has been estimated to be effectually 100 to 120 mya. [39] Fossil metatherians are distinguished from eutherians past the form of their teeth; metatherians possess four pairs of tooth teeth in each jaw, whereas eutherian mammals (including true placentals) never have more than 3 pairs. [46] Using this benchmark, the earliest known metatherian was thought to exist Sinodelphys szalayi , which lived in China around 125 mya. [47] [48] [49] However Sinodelphys was later reinterpreted equally an early member of Eutheria. The unequivocal oldest known metatherians are now 110 million years erstwhile fossils from western Due north America. [fifty]

Almost 100 mya, the supercontinent Pangaea was in the process of splitting into the northern continent Laurasia and the southern continent Gondwana, with what would become People's republic of china and Australia already separated by the Tethys Bounding main. From there, metatherians spread westward into modern North America (still attached to Eurasia), where the earliest true marsupials are found. Marsupials are hard to distinguish from other fossils, every bit they are characterized past aspects of the reproductive organization which practise not normally fossilize (including pouches) and past subtle changes in the bone and tooth construction that show a metatherian is part of the marsupial crown group (the most exclusive group that contains all living marsupials). The earliest definite marsupial fossil belongs to the species Peradectes minor, from the Paleocene of Montana, dated to about 65 million years ago. [51] From their signal of origin in Laurasia, marsupials spread to South America, which was possibly connected to North America at around 65 mya through a ridge that has since moved on to become the Caribbean area Archipelago. [52] [53] Laurasian marsupials eventually died off, for non entirely clear reasons; convention has information technology that they disappeared due to competition with placentals, but this is no longer accepted to be the primary reason. [54]

Marsupials, Peradectes and the related Herpetotheriidae are nested inside a clade of metatherians that also included a multifariousness of Cretaceous North American taxa. [55]

In South America, the opossums evolved and adult a strong presence, and the Paleogene also saw the evolution of shrew opossums (Paucituberculata) aslope not-marsupial metatherian predators such as the borhyaenids and the saber-toothed Thylacosmilus . South American niches for mammalian carnivores were dominated by these marsupial and sparassodont metatherians, which seem to have competitively excluded South American placentals from evolving carnivory. [56] While placental predators were absent, the metatherians did have to debate with avian (terror bird) and terrestrial crocodylomorph competition. Marsupials were excluded in plough from large plant eater niches in South America by the presence of native placental ungulates (now extinct) and xenarthrans (whose largest forms are also extinct). Due south America and Antarctica remained connected until 35 mya, equally shown past the unique fossils found there. Due north and South America were disconnected until about three meg years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama formed. This led to the Swell American Interchange. Sparassodonts disappeared for unclear reasons – again, this has classically assumed every bit contest from carnivoran placentals, but the last sparassodonts co-existed with a few small carnivorans similar procyonids and canines, and disappeared long before the arrival of macropredatory forms like felines, [57] while didelphimorphs (opossums) invaded Central America, with the Virginia opossum reaching as far north as Canada.

Marsupials reached Australia via Antarctica virtually 50 mya, shortly later on Australia had dissever off. [n one] [north two] This suggests a unmarried dispersion issue of simply one species, well-nigh likely a relative to Due south America'southward monito del monte (a microbiothere, the only New Earth australidelphian). This progenitor may have rafted across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica. The journey must not have been easy; South American ungulate [61] [62] [63] and xenarthran [64] remains take been found in Antarctica, merely these groups did not reach Commonwealth of australia.

In Commonwealth of australia, marsupials radiated into the wide variety seen today, including non but omnivorous and cannibal forms such every bit were nowadays in Southward America, only besides into large herbivores. Modern marsupials announced to accept reached the islands of New Republic of guinea and Sulawesi relatively recently via Australia. [65] [66] [67] A 2010 analysis of retroposon insertion sites in the nuclear Dna of a diversity of marsupials has confirmed all living marsupials have Due south American ancestors. The branching sequence of marsupial orders indicated by the study puts Didelphimorphia in the virtually basal position, followed past Paucituberculata, then Microbiotheria, and ending with the radiation of Australian marsupials. This indicates that Australidelphia arose in Southward America, and reached Australia afterward Microbiotheria dissever off. [six] [seven]

In Australia, terrestrial placental mammals disappeared early in the Cenozoic (their most contempo known fossils being 55 million-year-one-time teeth resembling those of condylarths) for reasons that are not articulate, allowing marsupials to dominate the Australian ecosystem. [65] Extant native Australian terrestrial placental mammals (such as hopping mice) are relatively recent immigrants, arriving via island hopping from Southeast Asia. [66]

Genetic analysis suggests a divergence date between the marsupials and the placentals at 160 million years ago. [68] The ancestral number of chromosomes has been estimated to be 2n = xiv.

A new hypothesis suggests that South American microbiotheres resulted from a dorsum-dispersal from eastern Gondwana due to new cranial and mail service-cranial marsupial fossils from the Djarthia murgonensis from the early Eocene Tingamarra Local Fauna in Australia that indicate the Djarthia murgonensis is the most plesiomorphic, the oldest unequivocal australidelphian, and may exist the bequeathed morphotype of the Australian marsupial radiations. [69]

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ This is supported by the discover of Eocene fossil remains of an australidelphian, the microbiotherian Woodburnodon casei, on the Antarctic peninsula, [58]
  2. ^ Ratites may have similarly traveled overland from S America to colonise Australia; [59] a fossil ratite is known from Antarctica, [sixty] and Due south American rheas are more basal within the group than Australo-Pacific ratites. [59]

References [ edit ]

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Farther reading [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]

Animals That Have a Pouch for Young Like Kangaoo

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial

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